Abstract: Passwords remain a critical component of authentication systems due to their ease of implementation, despite the availability of more secure methods such as biometrics and smart cards.

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China Objective: By ...

Abstract: Optimal control is a subject that dates back nearly 100 years. The roots of optimal control lie in the subject of variational calculus, which was originally invented by Leonhard Euler ...